Volume
2, No. 8 August 2024 p-ISSN 3032-3037| e-ISSN 3031-5786
Study of Chlorophyl-A
Variability in Bone Bay Waters
During High Wave Events
Hijrah K. Musgamy1*,
Jasruddin2, Pariabti Palloan3
Universitas Negeri
Makassar, Indonesia1*23
Email: hijrah.musgamy@bmkg.go.id1*, jasruddin@unm.ac.id2,
pariabty.p@unm.ac.id3
Research has been carried out
on the distribution of chlorophyll-a in the waters of Bone Bay during high wave
events based on the parameters of sea surface temperature, wind speed and ocean
currents. The aim of this research is to analyze parameters related to high
waves which influence chlorophyll-a concentrations in the waters of Bone Bay.
Chlorophyll-a patterns in Bone Bay waters were studied based on Aqua MODIS
satellite data for chlorophyll-a data and ECMWF for wind speed, sea surface
temperature and ocean current data. The average value was determined using Aqua
MODIS and ECMWF satellite data for 10 years from 2011 to 2020. These parameters
were analyzed to determine the correlation with chlorophyll-a. The calculation
results show that sea surface temperature and wind speed decreased after high
waves, while ocean currents and chlorophyll-a increased after high waves in
Bone Bay waters. The correlation between chlorophyll-a and wind speed is 0.15,
with sea surface temperature -0.44, and with ocean currents -0.26. Spatially,
high concentrations of chlorophyll-a are found in the coastal waters of the
South Sulawesi region with chlorophyll-a concentrations reaching 0.4-5 mg/m3.
Temporally, high chlorophyll-a concentrations occur after high wave events with
an average chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.32 mg/m3.
Keywords:
high waves, chlorophyll-a, wind speed, sea surface
temperature, and ocean currents.
INTRODUCTION
Bone Bay
is A bay on Sulawesi Island which is between South Sulawesi Province (to the
west and north) and Southeast Sulawesi Province (next to east) (Widyastuti et
al., 2019). Bone Bay borders directly to the Flores
Sea. Bone Bay is one of them bay the largest in Indonesia and has an elongated
shape from north to south (Wilson et
al., 2019). Surrounded by mountains, bay it has
topography base varying seas with changing depths from shallow
areas on the coast until part the deepest that reaches more from 2000 meters in
the center bay (de Wet &
Compton, 2021). According to Balcombe (2016), depth the sea in Bone Bay is very varied,
reaching 2000 meters to direction free beach next door south. Depth shallow
between 50 and 200 meters along the length west, north and east coasts with
morphology base sea rather wavy and steep to part south (Xu et al.,
2016). This elongated and deep shape creates
unique hydrodynamic conditions, where the current sea influenced by factors
like wind monsoons and tides. Strong and dynamic current This role
important in distribution nutrients and organisms’ sea in waters Bone Bay.
Temperature and salinity conditions waters Bone Bay shows significant
variation depending on the season and water depth. Temperature normal
water surface range between 27°C to 31 °C, with temperatures above tall during
season hot and lower during season Rain. Salinity in the bay This relatively
stable, though can influenced by fresh water flow from rivers that empty into
the bay, especially during season Rain. Variation temperature and salinity This
influence distribution and abundance various type phytoplankton and
zooplankton, which are base from chain food sea (Apri &
Iskandar, 2020).
Productivity in Bone Bay is sufficient high, supported by existence
fertile phytoplankton. Chlorophyll -a as indicator main productivity phytoplankton
show exists variability affected by change seasonality and environmental
conditions like intensity light sun and availability nutrients. Nutrients This
usually obtained from upwelling (rising nutrient -rich water from depth) that
occurs consequence current sea and wind monsoon. High productivity This
support diversity abundant biodiversity, in various fish species,
mollusks, and organisms’ sea other (Irfan &
Alatawi, 2019).
Diversity life in Bone Bay is not only covers
phytoplankton and zooplankton, but also reefs coral and fields Seagrass is an
important habitat for Lots species sea. Ecosystem reef coral in the bay This
provide place shelter, protection, and food source for various types of fish
and invertebrates sea. Seagrass beds, on the other hand, work as place spawning
and nursery areas for Lots fish species, as well help guard water quality by
absorbing nutrients excessive. Combination ecosystem This make Bone Bay as one
center diversity biological sea in Indonesia (Rumpa et al.,
2022).
Dynamics ocean-atmosphere regional scale
occurs in the waters Alleged Bone Bay can affect mass characteristics the water
in a way direct nor no directly, among others Indonesian Cross Flow (ARLINDO)
of which 80% flows through the Makassar Strait and parts turn to East direction
passing through the Flores Sea in the south Bone Bay towards the Banda Sea (Atmadipoera
et al., 2024). Another mechanism that is also present in Teluk Bone is wind Southeast Monsoon and Northwest Monsoon
occur in a way seasonality in Indonesia (Ayyamperumal
et al., 2024). Wind seasonal too influence Ekman
transport is called wind-driven Ekman flow, which can move the mass of water
and nutrients in it Rivas (2019) for example through upwelling and downwelling,
such as Ekman upwelling which occurs
in July-September and Ekman downwelling in
January-March in the Banda Sea (McCreary
& Shetye, 2023), so can influence distribution abundance of
marine life.
Existence creature live on something
ecosystem No regardless of physical processes in the environment the
surrounding area can support metabolism or cycle life daily. Connecting
physical factors pattern distribution between creature live from coast
to sea free is salinity, temperature and movement water mass (Snoeijs-Leijonmalm
& Andrén, 2017). Energy waves and currents sea is factoring
important physical factors in the ecosystem coast as well as areas influenced
by tides.
Resource fisheries located in the area Bone
Bay is asset strategic to be developed on an activity basis economics with
purpose prosperity and improvement of coastal community’s acquisition income
native to the region. The potential for fish resources, especially pelagic fish,
in Bone Bay is sufficient big where is the fish? generally create a water area
Bone Bay as a track area the migration. Fish have the ideal temperature and
chlorophyll for its growth and development. The ideal temperature and
chlorophyll for fish in the range temperature 27.9°C – 28.2°C and chlorophyll
-a between 0.3 mg/m³– 3.9 mg/m³ (Retraubun et
al., 2023).
Production result fishery catch in 2022
amounting to 436,735.7 tons with value amounting to IDR 11,812,528,786,000.-.
One of abundant pelagic fish resources caught by fishermen in the waters
Teluk Bone is a skipjack fish. Skipjack tuna is one
of most important type of fish Good as commodity export nor as material
domestic consumption. Number of skipjack tuna catches in 2022 in the waters
Bone Bay amounted to 79,534.3 tons with value amounting to IDR 2,209,536,287,000,
- which is an increase amounting to IDR 196,212,687,-
compared to 2021.
When happen wave high in the water
Bone Bay, got it happen possible changes in water conditions impact on
variability chlorophyll -a. Wave tall can bother stability waters, so can
influence plankton production in waters. Change plankton production can impact
on variability chlorophyll -a in water Bone Bay (Gabel et al.,
2017).
Wind parameters is one of the main parameters
in influencing water characteristics (Shu et al.,
2024). Wind blowing over the surface sea in
general in a way direct will influence oceanographic parameters another one of
them that is upwelling. According to Randelhoff
(2018), upwelling is increasing sea water
mass from something inner layer to layer surface. This upward movement bring as
well as hot water colder, salinity high, and rich in nutrients surface, for one
that is chlorophyll -a. Plenty of chlorophyll -a contained in phytoplankton Bradley
(2019) which is producers in the ecosystem sea.
Information about variability spatial chlorophyll -a
on the surface the sea is very important. Because can used for make it easier
management and utilization of fisheries resources.
A number of research that has been done for
describe aspect oceanography physics in Bone Bay, including Jishad
(2021)found that direction current surface sea Bone
Bay from January to April is dominant from east direction, while from May to
December dominant from west direction. Speed current surface sea surface from
January to December generally low (0-5 cm/s), but in January in the southern
part of Bone Bay it is sufficient high in value range between 25-40 cm/s. Safrudin (2016) also studied that Temperature Relative Sea
Level Warm in the Waters beach especially in the northern part of Bone Bay, as
well as density its chlorophyll -a. According to Rosalina et al (2023) temperature surface sea the highest in Bone
Bay occurs in November around between 29.36º-34.52ºC with an average value of
30.83ºC and temperature surface sea Lowest occurred in August around between
26.64º-32.32ºC with an average value of 28.70ºC.
Other research as done by Wicaksono
(2020) where concentration chlorophyll -a
corresponds to temperature surface sea, where Concentration chlorophyll -a
increases high at the moment temperature surface sea low, meanwhile speed
current surface and bulk Rain not enough influential to concentration
chlorophyll -a in water around Makassar city. Intansari et al (2018) also found that spread chlorophyll -a and temperature
surface sea in the waters of the Karimata Strait show
that concentration high chlorophyll -a found in coastal areas and lower in
water free beach. Temporary spread chlorophyll -a and temperature surface sea monthly
show concentration highest chlorophyll -a and temperature surface sea highest
available in May.
This research aims for analyze influence
incident High Wave against variability chlorophyll -a
in Water Bone Bay. Formulation problem covers identification time incident wave
high, analysis spatial average Speed Wind, Temperature Sea Level, Ocean
Currents, and Chlorophyll -a during 2011-2020, as well connection between
factor physique sea with concentration Chlorophyll -a. Benefit from study This
among other things, providing understanding about impact wave tall to
productivity phytoplankton, increasing knowledge scientific in science marine
and ecological sea, providing information for fisherman For increase
productivity fish catch, and encourage technological development monitoring
more sea advanced.
RESEARCH
METHODS
This research use method Analytic
Correlational For explain connection between variables studied, as well predict
magnitude changes to variables tied to change variable free. Held during six months
from January to June 2024 at BMKG Station Meteorology Sangia Nibandera Kolaka, research This
focuses on relationships between speed wind, temperature surface sea, and
currents sea with variability chlorophyll -a in Water
Bone Bay moment incident wave tall from 2011 to 2020. Data used to include wave
data sea, chlorophyll -a, speed wind, temperature surface sea, and currents sea,
which was taken from various sources such as the Copernicus Climate Change
Service and the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group. Analysis done in a way
spatial and temporal for understand dynamics variables the before and after
incident wave tall. The analytical method used covers Pearson correlation for
evaluate connection between variables and analysis descriptive for describe
variability chlorophyll -a in Bone Bay in response to
wave tall.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
A. Research
result
1. Incident
High Waves in the Water Bone Bay
For know events wave high in the
waters Bone Bay, then done analysis tall wave in a way
spatial for 10 years that is from 2011 to 2020 with the number grid points of
35 points. Following is high data wave maximum earned each year from
calculation tall wave sea for each page hour in meters.
Table 1. Wave
Height Maximum 2011-2020
In
the Water Bone Bay
|
Year |
Date |
Wave Height Maximum (meters) |
|
|
1 |
2011 |
January 12,
2011 |
2,236 |
|
2 |
2012 |
January 8,
2012 |
1,713 |
|
3 |
2013 |
09 January 2013 |
2,643 |
|
4 |
2014 |
January 16, 2014 |
2,637 |
|
5 |
2015 |
03 January 2015 |
2,359 |
|
6 |
2016 |
December 21, 2016 |
1,649 |
|
7 |
2017 |
February 2, 2017 |
2,744 |
|
8 |
2018 |
January 30,
2018 |
1,985 |
|
9 |
2019 |
January 22,
2019 |
2,464 |
|
10 |
2020 |
December 19,
2020 |
1,732 |
Based on the data in table 1 then there were 3 incidents wave tall Where mark wave the sea bigger
from 2.5 meters and less of 4.0 meters, namely on January 9, 2013 with height
wave 2,643 meters, January 16 2014 with height waves 2,637 meters, and on February
2 2017 with high wave 2,744 meters.
2. Analysis
in a way spatial average Chlorophyll -a, Velocity Wind, Temperature Sea Surface,
and Ocean Currents in Water Bone Bay for 10 years and conditions before and
after happen wave tall
a. Average
for 10 years (2011-2020)
For know
exists changes to Meteorological parameters that will occur discussed, then
needed normal value or average value of the parameter. Following is the average
chlorophyll -a, temperature surface sea, speed wind, and current deep sea
10 years start from 2011 to 2020.
1) Chlorophyll
-a
After done concentration data processing
chlorophyll -a from the MODIS Aqua sensor
using device ArcGIS 10.8 software, then obtained the average value of chlorophyll -a
for 10 years is shown in Figure 1 and is obtained average value on Peraitan Bone Bay is 0.42 mg/m 3. On picture can
seen spread chlorophyll -a
in Water Bone Bay is very varied start from 0.1 mg/m 3 to 7 mg/m 3.
Figure
1. Average
Concentration Chlorophyll -A for 10 Years (2011-2020)
2) Speed
Wind
After done data processing speed ECMWF
wind by using device soft GRADS get the average speed wind for around 10 years
between 2 - 7 knots in Water Bone Bay shown in Figure 2.
Figure
2. Average
Speed Wind For 10 Years (2011-2020)
3) Temperature
Sea level
After done temperature data processing
surface ECMWF sea using device ArcGIS 10.8 software obtained the average
temperature surface sea for 10 years i.e around 27.5
– 30.1 °C in Water Bone Bay shown in figure 3.
Figure
3. Average
Temperature Sea Level for 10 Years (2011-2020)
4) Sea
wave
After done data processing speed current
sea by using device soft GRADS get the average speed current sea for around 10
years between 0.1 – 0.3 m/s in water Bone Bay shown in Figure 4.
Figure
4. Average
Speed Ocean Currents for 10 Years (2011-2020)
b. Before
High wave
1) Before
High Wave on 09 January 2013 (02 – 08 January 2013)
Water Conditions Bone Bay before happen
High Wave on January 09, 2024 visible that in Figure 5 (a) Concentration
chlorophyll -a whole that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 – 3.2 mg/m 3.
Concentration chlorophyll -a is highest found in the waters Bone Bay approx coast beach East Luwu and
North Kolaka, namely 1 mg/m 3 up to 3.2
mg/m 3. Based on Figure 5 (b) speed average wind range between 3 to
13 knots. Figure 5 (c) shows mark temperature surface sea in Waters Bone Bay
ranges between 28.2°C – 30.0°C and Figure 5 (d) shows mark current sea of 0.1 –
0.8 m/s.
2) Before
High Wave January 16 2014 (January 9 - 15 2014)
Water Conditions Bone Bay before happen
High Waves on January 16, 2014 are visible that in Figure 6 (a) where
concentration chlorophyll -a whole that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 –
1.6 mg/m 3. Concentration chlorophyll -a is highest found in the
waters Bone Bay approx coast beach Bone Regency is
0.8 mg/m 3 up to 1.6 mg/m 3. Based on Figure 6 (b) speed
average wind range between 3 to 13 knots. Figure 6 (c) shows mark temperature
surface sea in Waters Bone Bay ranges between 28.5°C – 30.0°C and Figure 6 (d)
shows mark current sea of 0.1 – 0.6 m/s.
3) Before
High Wave on 02 February 2017 (26 January – 01 February 2017)
Water Conditions Bone Bay before happen
High Waves on February 02, 2017 are visible that in Figure 7 (a) where
concentration chlorophyll -a whole that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 –
0.3 mg/m 3. Based on Figure 7 (b) speed average wind range between 3
to 11 knots. Figure 7 (c) shows mark temperature surface sea in Waters Bone Bay
ranges between 29.4°C – 30.8°C and Figure 7 (d) shows mark current sea of 0.1 –
0.5 m/s.
c. After
High wave
1) After
High Wave January 9 2013 (January 10 – 16 2013)
After done chlorophyll -a data processing,
speed wind, temperature surface sea and currents sea on January 10-16 2013,
water conditions Bone Bay after happen High Waves on January 9, 2013 are
visible that in Figure 8 (a) where concentration chlorophyll -a whole
that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 – 2 mg/m 3. Based on Figure 8
(b) speed average wind range between 2 to 11 knots. Figure 8 (c) shows mark
temperature surface sea in Waters Bone Bay ranges between 28.5°C – 30.5°C and
Figure 8 (d) shows mark current sea of 0.1 – 0.7 m/s.
2) After
High Wave January 16 2014 (January 17 – 23 2014)
After done chlorophyll -a data processing,
speed wind, temperature surface sea and currents sea on 17-23 January 2014,
water conditions Bone Bay after happen High Waves on January 16, 2014 are
visible that in Figure 9 (a) where concentration chlorophyll -a whole
that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 – 2 mg/m 3. Based on Figure 9
(b) speed average wind range between 3 to 12 knots. Figure 9 (c) shows mark
temperature surface sea in Waters Bay Bone ranges between 27.9°C – 30.0°C and
Figure 9 (d) shows mark current sea of 0.1 – 0.8 m/s.
3) After
High Wave on 02 February 2017 (03 – 09 February 2017)
After done chlorophyll -a data processing,
speed wind, temperature surface sea and currents sea on 03 – 09 February 2017,
water conditions Bone Bay after happen High Waves on February 02, 2017 are
visible that in Figure 10 (a) where concentration chlorophyll -a whole
that is around 0.1 mg/m 3 – 2 mg/m 3. Based on Figure 10
(b) speed average wind range between 3 to 13 knots. Figure 10 (c) shows mark
temperature surface sea in Waters Bone Bay ranges between 28.8°C – 30.8°C and
in Figure 10 (d) shows mark current sea of 0.1 – 0.8 m/s.
3. Correlation
Speed Wind, Temperature Sea Surface, and Ocean Currents with concentration
Chlorophyll -a in Water Bone Bay
a. Correlation
Speed Wind and Chlorophyll -a
Connection between speed wind with
concentration chlorophyll -a shows exists correlation positive with value
namely 0.15, which means This is correlation positive that is moment speed wind
strengthen so concentration chlorophyll -a
increases and vice versa, when speed wind weakened so concentration chlorophyll
-a decreases. A value of 0.15 is included correlation category weak.
b. Correlation
Temperature Sea Level and Chlorophyll -a
c. Correlation
Ocean Currents and Chlorophyll -a
4.
Analyze variability
concentration and distribution chlorophyll -a in Water
Bone Bay before and after
incident High wave.
Average
concentration value chlorophyll -a as shown in table 2
for 10 years is 0.42 mg/m 3, the average concentration chlorophyll
-a before incident wave tall amounting to 0.347 (2013), 0.256 (2014), and 0.195
(2015). Whereas mark concentration chlorophyll -a
after incident wave tall amounting to 0.321 (2013), 0.295 (2014), and 0.346
(2015).
Table
2. Comparison
Chlorophyll -a 10 Year Average, Before and After High wave
|
High wave |
10 years (2011-2020) |
Before |
After |
|
2013 |
0.42 2025 grid
points |
0.347 344 grid
points |
0.321 1321 grid
points |
|
2014 |
0.256 945 grid
points |
0.295 361 grid
points |
|
|
2017 |
0.195 163 grid
points |
0.346 748 grid
points |
B. Discussion
1. Incident
High Waves in the Water Bone Bay
Analysis
wave sea in a way spatial show that in the range 10 years from 2011 to 2020
happen happened several times wave high in the waters Bone Bay. Based on table
4, 3 incidents were obtained wave high in value highest occurred in 2017 which
was high wave reached 2,744 meters, then in 2013 the height waves of 2,643
meters, and the last in 2014 with high wave reaches 2,637 meters. Furthermore,
will analyzed water conditions before and after incident third wave tall the. Water conditions will be dialysis form chlorophyll -a,
speed wind, temperature surface sea and currents sea.
2.
Analysis in a way spatial average Chlorophyll -a, Velocity Wind, Temperature
Sea Surface, and Ocean Currents in Water Bone Bay for 10 years and conditions
before and after happen wave tall
By general spread chlorophyll -a in Water Bone Bay based
Figure 4 more high in water areas beach consequence from the height supply
derived nutrients from land and river water runoff and vice versa tend lower
in the remote area beach Because no exists supply nutrients from mainland in a
way direct. This is in accordance
with research conducted by Dessne (2015)
which stated that spread
chlorophyll -a and temperature surface sea in the waters of the Karimata Strait show that concentration high chlorophyll -a
found in coastal areas and lower in water free beach.
Speed
wind higher in the remote area beach based on figure 4, p the due to lose areas
beach not enough obstacle like buildings, trees, or mountains that can obstruct
Genre wind so that wind can blowing more freely and with more speed tall.
For temperature surface sea tend varies but generally warmer
in the outer region beach compared to coastal areas the beach. Results obtained
in accordance with research conducted by Struzik (2015) which
concluded that in a way spatial, waters free beach or far away from coast will
have more temperature tall compared to waters near coast. Whereas for current sea in Waters Bone Bay in general general tend low where the Bone Bay area is part
south taller compared to part north.
Concentration
chlorophyll -a after incident wave tall increase compared to before incident
wave tall for 2014 and 2017, medium for 2013 occurred decline concentration chlorophyll
-a. The same thing happens For current inclined
sea more tall after incident for 2014 and 2017 and beyond low for 2013.
Different
from chlorophyll -a and current sea, on the contrary temperature conditions
surface sea after incident wave tall experience obedience temperature for 2014
and 2017, and for 2013 occurred increase temperature surface sea. Whereas For
speed wind after wave high in 2013 and 2014 occurred decline speed and for 2017
it happened enhancement speed wind.
3.
Correlation Speed Wind, Temperature Sea Surface, and Ocean Currents with
concentration Chlorophyll -a in Water Bone Bay
Correlation
value between chlorophyll -a with speed wind and current the sea has value
correlation level weak, meanwhile correlation between chlorophyll -a with temperature
surface the sea has a correlation negative level moderate, value negative
indicated pattern connection between second variable have connection backwards.
It means If mark temperature surface sea high, then mark chlorophyll -a will
become low (and vice versa), the same This is the case with research conducted
by Astrijaya Sidik (2015) regarding accuracy mark
concentration chlorophyll -a and temperature surface sea using sensing data far
out in the water island alanggantang park national nineg which is obtained mark correlation of -0.234.
Connection
between chlorophyll -a with temperature surface sea in a way spatial as shown
in figure 5 to figure 10 can be seen that area that has concentration chlorophyll
-a which tends to have temperature surface more sea low, and vice versa
in areas that have concentrations low chlorophyll -a have temperature surface
relative sea warmer compared to surroundings. Whereas For speed wind and
current the sea in Figure 5 to Figure 10 tends to have a similar pattern the
same, which is speed wind and current the sea in the southern part of Bone Bay
tends to be taller compared to speed wind and current sea in the northern Bone
Bay area.
Correlation
value from third included variables category weak and moderate indicated
that variable it has no influence too significant to change mark
concentration chlorophyll -a in Water Bone Bay.
4. Analyze variability concentration and distribution
chlorophyll -a in Water Bone Bay before and after
incident High wave.
Concentration value
chlorophyll -a after incident wave tall tend increase compared to before
incident wave high, p this is also visible in the analysis spatial that has
been done Where seen exists enhancement concentration chlorophyll -a after
incident wave tall although value Still is below the average concentration chlorophyll
-a for 10 years. This matter possibility Because exists some data at grid
points are not read by satellite caused by existence cover obstructing
clouds so that reduce mark the average concentration of chlorophyll -a
where most the grid points are in coastal areas beaches that have value concentration
reactive chlorophyll -a taller.
CONCLUSION
Based on results and discussions that have been carried out explained,
yes concluded that during range from 2011 to 2020, there are three incident wave tall significant in the waters Bone Bay, namely on 09
January 2013, 16 January 2014, and 02 February 2017. After incident wave high,
average temperature surface sea and speed wind experience decrease, temporary
current sea and concentration chlorophyll -a experiences enhancement. Analysis
correlation show weak relationship until moderate between speed wind,
temperature surface sea, and currents sea with concentration chlorophyll -a. By
spatial, concentration highest chlorophyll -a found in waters coast beaches of
the South Sulawesi region, reaching 0.4-5 mg/m3, with an average concentration
of 0.32 mg/m3 after happen wave tall. For study Next, it is recommended for
increase resolution spatial and temporal by expanding point and range time
study To use get more understanding detailed
about dynamics chlorophyll -a in response to incident wave high in the waters
Bone Bay.
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