The Influence of Egg Shape on
Gender and Abnormality of Kampung Chicks
Wiesje Martha Horhoruw
Pattimura University, Maluku, Indonesia
Email: wiesjehorhoruw@gmail.com
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the
influence of egg shape on the gender and abnormalities of hatched kampung
chicks, conducted over one month in Wailela Hamlet, Ambon City. Using an
experimental method with a quasi-experimental design, the study observed 120
kampung chicken eggs less than five days old. Data were collected by directly
observing hatched eggs and chicks using hatching machines and digital scales.
The eggs were cleaned, identified, and numbered before placement in a fumigated
hatching machine. Ventilation and screening maintained temperature and humidity
stability. The chi-square test (X2) analyzed the effect of egg shape on gender
and abnormalities. The study's significance lies in its potential to improve
breeding practices by understanding the impact of egg shape on hatching
outcomes. However, the results indicated that egg shape did not significantly
affect the gender or abnormalities of the hatched chicks. Consequently, egg
shape cannot be used as a reliable criterion for selecting eggs to determine
the gender or abnormalities of kampung chicks. This insight highlights the need
for genetic or molecular techniques for gender determination and suggests
further research with larger samples to explore other influencing factors.
Keywords: abnormality,
egg shape, gender
Introduction
Local or kampung chickens
are potential germplasm of kampung Indonesian poultry
In order to keep pace with
production figures, the increase in the number of kampung chicken populations
is one indicator of business development
Artificial hatching can be
used to provide kampung chickens because a mother's ability to incubate is
limited. It also extends the production period because the time for incubation
and childcare is eliminated
Selection of kampung chicks
produced from hatched eggs, such as determining gender, weight, and condition
of DOC, is very helpful in breeding efforts because it can determine who must
be thought and who will be raised to be raised as broilers or laying hens
In relation to the gender of
the chicks to be chosen, some farming communities assume that the oval shape of
the egg will produce male chicks and the round shape of the egg will produce
female chicks
Recent research from 2020 to
2024 has significantly contributed to the understanding of kampung chicken
breeding and adaptation. Sudrajat et al.
The primary objective is to
determine if egg shape affects the gender and abnormalities of hatched kampung
chicks. The benefits of this research include insights for more efficient
breeding practices, revealing that egg shape is not a reliable criterion for
gender or abnormality determination. This could save breeders time and
resources by avoiding unnecessary reliance on egg shape. The implications
suggest using genetic or molecular techniques for gender determination and
conducting further research with larger samples to explore additional factors
influencing hatching outcomes.
Research Methods
This study used an experimental method with a
quasi-experimental design that aimed to observe the influence of egg shape on
the gender and abnormality of hatched kampung chicks. The object of the study
was 120 kampung chicken eggs aged less than five days, obtained from the
results of a male and female gender ratio of 1:8. Data were obtained from
direct observation of hatched eggs and chicks, with kampung chicken egg
populations and purposively selected samples. Research techniques include
direct measurement and observation using tools such as hatching machines,
digital scales, calipers, thermometers, hygrometers, hand sprayers, candlers,
and egg racks, as well as materials such as formalin, 70% alcohol, and warm
water to clean eggs. The research procedure begins with the preparation of
hatching eggs that are cleaned, identified, and numbered, then placed in a
fumigated hatching machine. Eggs undergo several stages of manual ventilation
and screening to maintain temperature and humidity stability and prevent the
yolk from sticking to the centipede wall.
Egg cooling is done on day 4 to day 18 to ensure the
embryos get enough oxygen. Examination of eggs is carried out three times
during the hatching process using an egg observation device in a dark room to
evaluate egg fertility and embryo condition. The effect of egg shape on gender
and abnormalities was analyzed using the chi-square test method (X2) to
determine the relationship between egg shape and hatching results, both in
terms of gender and level of abnormality. This research is expected to
contribute to the understanding of the effect of egg shape on hatching results,
which can be used to improve efficiency and quality in kampung chicken
breeding.
Results and Discussion
Egg shape to the gender of kampung chicks
The observed egg shape of
the hatched eggs is divided into three groups. The number and percentage of
Male and female chicks by egg shape are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1. The
influence of egg shape on the gender of Kampung chicks
|
Categories Egg Form |
Gender Chick |
Sum |
|||
|
Male |
Female |
||||
|
Tail |
% |
Tail |
% |
||
|
Oblong |
4 |
36.36 |
7 |
63,64 |
11 |
|
Oval |
10 |
28,57 |
25 |
71,43 |
35 |
|
Round |
13 |
33,33 |
26 |
66,67 |
39 |
|
Total |
27 |
31,76 |
58 |
68,24 |
85 |
The results showed that the
three categories of egg shapes that produced the most male chicks were found in
oblong egg shapes with a percentage of 36.36%. The egg form that produces the
most female chicks is found in the oval egg form, with a percentage of 71.43%.
The results of the analysis showed that the shape of the egg
had no real effect (P>0.05) on the gender of the hatched kampung chicks.
This is because the number of samples is too small, or the samples used in this
study from the three categories of egg shapes are not the same, causing an
intangible effect. It is proven that eggs cannot be used as hatching egg criteria
and gender determination of kampung chicks because all three egg forms produce
male and female chicks, so there is no dominant one that produces chicks that
are all male or all female.
Based on
Table 1, it can be seen that the male gender is mostly found in the oblong egg
shape, while the one that produces the most female gender is in the oval egg
shape. Therefore, the egg shape cannot be used as a criterion for determining
the gender of the chicken. Gender determination can be done by means of the Gender
Linking Gene and Molecular Gendering Method. Furthermore, Shetty et al.
Egg shape against abnormalities of kampung chicks
The number and percentage of
normal and abnormal chicks based on egg shape are shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2. The Effect
of Egg Shape on Abnormalities of Kampung Chicks
|
Categories Egg Form |
Chick conditions |
Sum |
|||
|
Normal |
Abnormal |
||||
|
Tail |
% |
Tail |
% |
||
|
Lonjong |
10 |
90,91 |
1 |
9,09 |
11 |
|
Oval |
34 |
97,14 |
1 |
2,86 |
35 |
|
Round |
34 |
87,18 |
5 |
12,82 |
39 |
|
Total |
78 |
91,76 |
7 |
8,24 |
85 |
The results of the study
showed that normal chicks were found in oval egg shapes with a percentage of
97.14%, while abnormal ones were found in round egg shapes with a percentage of
12.82%. Based on Table 2 above, it can be seen that most kampung chick
abnormalities in eggs are round. From the number of defective chicks, the
percentage of chicks based on egg shape was obtained, which was an oblong egg
shape of 9.09%, a round egg shape of 2.86%, and an oval egg shape of 12.82.
From the observation of chicks hatched in the shape of round eggs, defective or
abnormal children are produced because chicks in the process of cursing
centipedes have difficulties because of the large size of the eggs, have thick
egg centipedes, and also at the time of formation of organs and their
development is late so that hatched chicks become deformed or abnormal.
The results
of the analysis showed that the shape of the egg had no real effect (P>0.05)
on the abnormality of kampung chicks. This is thought to be because the number
of samples is too small or the samples used from all three categories differ.
These results also show that the shape of oval (small) or large (round) eggs is
less than ideal as hatching eggs because it has an abnormally high percentage
of chicks. In the results of observation, abnormal chicks were found, such as
blind eyes, limping legs, and hanging belly buttons. This is thought to be due
to the ratio of albumin to egg yolk, which is not proportional, so the growth
and development of embryos cause the hatching results of chicks to be deformed.
This is in line with Helgrain et al.
Conclusion
Based on the study's
results, it can be concluded that the shape of the egg does not affect the
gender and abnormality of the hatched kampung chicks. Furthermore, the shape of
the egg cannot be used as a criterion in selecting eggs to determine the gender
and abnormality of hatched kampung chicks.
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Wiesje Martha Horhoruw (2024) |
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First publication right: Advances
in Social Humanities Research |
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