The
Dynamics Of Civic Education In Building Social
Awareness In The Digital Era
Bambang Yuniarto, Ilyasa Ramadhan, Dea
Monika, Syifa Luthfiah, Hitti Laela Sarda
State Islamic Institute Syekh Nurjati, Cirebon, Indonesia
Email: ilyasaramadhan234@mail.syekhnurjati.ac.id
Abstract
Civic education has become an essential
component in shaping individuals as active members of society who are aware of
their rights and responsibilities. However, in this digital age, technological
developments have brought new challenges that impact the way we understand and
engage in social life. In this situation, research has focused on civic
education programs to educate the public about digital critical skills and
ethical principles in the online world. This study aims to investigate and
analyze the more profound impact of social media on forming people's civic
awareness in the context of the digital age. This research uses qualitative
methods, where the data in this study was obtained through interviews with
academics in the field of citizenship and looking for data sources in journal
articles and related books. The result of this study is that social media has great
significance in the context of civic education, which has an impact that can be
both positive and negative. That's why it's essential to work together to
tackle cyberbullying and promote online safety, with parents, teachers and
caregivers having a key role to play in educating children about safe and
responsible online behavior.
Keywords: Civic Education, Digital Age, Social Media,
Cyberbullying, Online Safety
Introduction
Civic education has become an integral part of
efforts to shape individuals as members of society who are aware of their
rights and obligations
In the rapidly evolving digital age,
technological transformation has drastically changed the landscape of
communication and human interaction. Advances in information and communication
technology have brought fundamental changes in the way we acquire, process, and
disseminate information
One of the main challenges faced in the context
of civic education is the large amount of unverified information available on
digital platforms. The spread of fake news (hoaxes) and misleading information
quickly spread through social media and websites, confusing and affecting
people's understanding of social and political issues
Digital literacy is the main focus in efforts
to strengthen civic education in the digital era. A lack of understanding of
how to use technology responsibly and critically can hinder individuals'
ability to participate in healthy social dialogue and affect positive change in
society. In this context, the integration of digital literacy into the civic
education curriculum is crucial to preparing a generation that is able to adapt
and contribute positively to the digital environment.
Other challenges include polarization and
conflict that often develop online, making it difficult to create constructive
and inclusive dialogue. Intense online confrontations can trigger social
tensions that negatively impact social awareness and the togetherness of
society as a whole. Therefore, civic education needs to create a safe space for
discussion and reflection, enabling students to understand and manage conflict
in a productive way.
In the face of these challenges, collaboration
between governments, educational institutions, and technology platforms is
becoming increasingly important. Concerted efforts to promote digital literacy,
provide access to verified information, and create a safe and inclusive online
environment can help build strong social awareness amid the information turmoil
of this digital age. Thus, civic education can play a role as the main motor in
forming a responsive and responsible generation in the face of complex social
dynamics in the future.
A number of previous studies have been
conducted to explore the challenges of civic education in building social
awareness in the digital age. One relevant study is research on sentiment
analysis of political comments on social media. The study aims to conduct
sentiment analysis of political comments on social media X using a deep
learning approach, especially the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method by
utilizing the Word2Vec training model. The results showed that the CNN model
used was able to provide sentiment analysis results with a satisfactory level
of accuracy, reaching 81%. This indicates the effectiveness of deep learning
methods in analyzing sentiment towards political comments on social media X
Previous studies have highlighted the difficulties posed by technological advancements in shaping people's civic awareness and involvement in society, particularly in the digital age. While the significance of civic education in guiding individuals through the complexities of this digitally interconnected society is evident, there is still a gap in understanding how well current civic education programs address these challenges. In contrast to previous research that often concentrated on specific facets like sentiment analysis or digital citizenship, this study adopts a more holistic approach. It delves into the influence of social media on civic awareness and participation while evaluating the effectiveness of civic education programs in imparting essential digital skills and ethical behaviour online.
Moreover, the research aims to also unpack the filter bubble and echo chamber mechanisms commonly used
by social media algorithms, while exploring strategies to address polarization
of opinion and promote dialogue between different groups online.
Furthermore, the study seeks to address pressing issues
such as cyberbullying and disparities in technology access among different
social and economic backgrounds. By analyzing the impact of cyberbullying on
individuals' well-being and evaluating the effectiveness of anti-cyberbullying
policies, alongside assessing the implications of technology access initiatives
on educational equity and civic participation, the research aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities in building
civic awareness in the digital age.The
purpose of this study is to investigate and deeply analyze the influence of
social media on the formation of people's civic awareness in the digital age.
Through this study, researchers identified factors that influence people's
civic awareness in the context of social media use and digital technology, as
well as to evaluate the effectiveness of civic education programs in teaching
digital critical skills and ethics online.
The research aims to enhance comprehension
regarding how social media impacts civic awareness and engagement in the
digital age through its diverse set of objectives. By pinpointing influential
factors and assessing the efficacy of civic education programs, the study seeks
to offer valuable insights for policymakers and educators. These insights can
aid in the development of improved strategies and policies to foster
citizenship awareness amid the ever-changing dynamics of the digital realm.
Research Methods
This research uses a qualitative approach with
a focus on case study analysis to understand challenges and strategies in civic
education in the context of social awareness building in the digital age. Data collection will involve interviews with education experts and
practitioners, direct observations in civic education classrooms, and analysis
of relevant documents such as curricula and learning materials. Through thematic analysis, this research will
identify common patterns, dominant challenges, and effective strategies in
building social awareness in the digital age.
This research method has the advantage of
enabling a deep understanding of the dynamics of civic education in the digital
age, as well as providing flexibility to explore perspectives from various
stakeholders. However, it should be recognized that there are limitations in
generalizing research results due to the focus on specific case studies, as
well as the possibility of subjectivity in the interpretation of qualitative
data
Results and Discussions
The Influence of Social Media and the
Role of Civic Education
Social media has become an integral part
of modern life, impacting many aspects such as civic education. Social media, a
large and influential platform, allows individuals to participate in
discussions on civic issues, disseminate information, and exchange opinions. In
education, social media can be a powerful tool to help students deepen their
understanding of their rights and responsibilities as citizens and raise
awareness about important issues that affect their daily lives. The role of
social media in raising public awareness is very important. Content distributed
through social media platforms educates about civic responsibility and
encourages participation in social activities that impact society. This helps
individuals understand their roles and responsibilities as responsible members
of society
One of the positive impacts of social
media on civic education is facilitating the dissemination of information on
citizenship issues. With information obtained through social media, people
better understand the social and political dynamics around them. This allows
them to more easily participate in efforts to improve existing social
conditions. In addition, social media can broaden our views on social diversity
and the importance of tolerance and unity in building a strong nation. In this
context, civic education through social media also plays a role in creating
solidarity and a sense of belonging to the community. With the help of a
platform that allows the exchange of information, opinions, and experiences,
people can support each other and create a harmonious social environment
together. In addition, social networks allow for more open dialogue between
different social groups, thus strengthening the sense of openness and tolerance
in public life
However, the influence of social media
in civic education also has its own challenges. Information that is not
properly verified can trigger the spread of fake news or hoaxes that can damage
public awareness. In addition, polarization of opinion in social networks can
exacerbate social disputes and conflicts. Civic education should provide a
deeper understanding of filtering out true information and developing a
critical attitude towards all forms of social media. To overcome these negative
impacts, civic education must also strengthen understanding of ethics and
positive and constructive communication methods in the digital world. Schools
and educational institutions can provide lessons on good behaviour
and emphasize the importance of respect, responsibility, and courtesy when
communicating on social media. Thus, it is hoped that a younger generation of
smart and ethical leaders will emerge who will utilize social media as a tool
to communicate their desires and fight for common interests
In addition, cooperation between
educational institutions, government, and social media has had a positive
impact on increasing civic awareness in the community. This can be done by
providing educational content about civic values, encouraging participation in
social activities, and forming online communities that come together for a
common goal. This collaboration is expected to be more involved and caring for
the community in various issues related to citizenship, as well as train people
to use social media as a tool to convey hope and positive social change. They
are taught effective strategies to participate in public debate, influence
policies and fight for their rights online
Civic education must continue to adapt
to technological developments and social media trends. This includes
incorporating digital literacy learning and critical media literacy into the
curriculum, and using digital technologies and platforms to enhance interaction
and collaboration as students think about civic issues. In this way, civic
education can be a force that encourages individuals to become active, engaged,
and responsible citizens in an increasingly interconnected and complex society.
Overall, the impact of social media on civic education is a complex phenomenon
that has both positive and negative impacts and should be taken seriously. It
is important for us to continue to develop civic education that is inclusive,
progressive, and responsive to the development of information technology. In
this way, the potential of social media can be harnessed to increase citizen
awareness
Disassembling the Filter Bubble and Echo Chamber
Filter Bubble and Echo Chamber are two phenomena related to the
use of the Internet and social media. Filter bubbles refer to algorithmic
processes that filter information displayed to users based on their past
preferences and behavior. These algorithms can influence what users see and
don't see, so they only get information that matches their own views. Filter
Bubble is also a digital space where past online behavior influences what we
see on social media later.
The bubble filter algorithm allows users to get content that
matches their preferences, but can produce information that is relevant and
different from other points of view. An echo chamber, on the other hand, is a
situation in which individuals are exposed to information based solely on their
own opinions, thus not receiving different information and not having the
opportunity to think critically and creatively. In this situation, social media
users tend to believe that the information they are receiving is true without
any further verification. An echo chamber is an environment in which a person
finds only information or opinions that reflect and reinforce his or her own
opinion.
In this environment, the user receives only information that
corresponds to his opinion, and it is difficult to have an open discussion.
Both phenomena can have a negative impact on the use of the Internet and social
media, such as reducing information diversity, isolating users from various
types of information, and weakening critical and creative thinking skills.
Therefore, it is important to understand and overcome bubble and echo chamber
filters, so that internet users have access to wider and more diverse
information.
Filter bubbles and echo chambers are two phenomena associated with
social media use, but they have differences in the way they affect the way we
interact with information and limit views. Filter bubbles, also known as
"echoing chambers" in Indonesian, occur when social media algorithms
select content based on previous preferences, presenting us with information
that matches our views. As a result, we become isolated from different
perspectives and may be unaware of issues that are important to society in general,
hindering deep understanding.
In contrast, echo chambers are a way in which we only find
information from like-minded people. We tend to follow and interact with people
who share similar views, causing our views to be corroborated and alternatives
ignored. This results in a repetition of opinions that can deepen social
divisions.
In synthesis, filter bubbles are more related to how social media
algorithms affect what we see, whereas echo chambers are more related to how we
select the information we see and interact with people who hold similar views.
Both of these phenomena can affect the way we interact with information and
limit views, but in different ways.
The positive influence of social media on citizens' political
participation The use of social media has a
significant positive influence on citizens' political participation. Some of
these positive impacts include:
1)
Access Internet capabilities
on phones, tablets, and laptops for students such as first-time voters.
2)
By strengthening communities,
social media provides opportunities for people to act as creators of political
content. They can create and share personal information, opinions, and
experiences about politics. It gives citizens the opportunity to express their
wishes, receive support and defend important issues.
3)
Active engagement and
participation, social media provides a platform for citizens to actively
participate in political debates. They can share opinions, comment and
contribute to political issues that are important to them. When citizens'
voices are heard on social media, they feel more involved and influence the
political decision-making process.
4)
By strengthening communities,
social media offers opportunities for people to act as political content
creators. They can create and share personal information, opinions, and
experiences about politics. It gives citizens the opportunity to express their wishes,
receive support and defend important issues.
5)
Effective mass mobilization,
social networks prove to be an effective tool to mobilize the masses to achieve
certain political goals. Social movements and political actions can quickly
spread on social networks, garner support, and organize demonstrations or
political campaigns. Thus, social media can strengthen people's collective
voices and increase political participation in real actions.
6)
Political transparency, social
media has forced politicians and political institutions to be more transparent
in their activities and policies. Citizens can easily monitor and criticize
government actions, pay attention to politicians' actions, and express their
dissatisfaction. This kind of openness can promote better political
accountability and responsibility. In general, the positive impact of social
media on political participation includes increased citizen access to
information, active participation, social empowerment, effective mass mobilization,
and political openness. Social media offers people a better opportunity to
participate in political life and make their voices heard in the
decision-making process.
The
negative impact of social media on citizens is:
1)
Anxiety and incomprehension:
Information that is not clear, diverse and hand-inducive can cause anxiety and
incomprehension for individuals especially if they are not used to different
thoughts.
2)
Increased spread of false
information: Encouraging filter bubbles and echo chambers can increase the risk
of spreading false information, also known as hoaxes, because individuals can
be exposed through unverified content.
3)
Potential for Social Conflict
and Division: Different perspectives can trigger conflict and Social Division,
especially if individuals are unable to manage differences well.
Social media as a new public space is used by the community to communicate, manage affairs, and various other communication functions. The development of communication technology makes the internet and social media no longer known to the public. Based on the We Are Social report, there were 167 million active social media users in Indonesia in January 2023. Ahead of the 2024 Presidential Election, social media is now a place for massive discussions about politics, political news, and political campaign content produced by political messengers. So what is the concern in this situation? The answer is the threat of "death" from filter bubbles and social media echo chambers.
It is undeniable that social networks help spread information about politics and make it easier for people to access that information. However, it is undeniable that information spread on various social media platforms and eaten raw by people trapped in filter bubbles and reverberation spaces actually further strengthens social polarization. This is exacerbated by the spread of fake news, political campaigns that do not educate, the framing of content that gives a bad impression to candidates, and all political communication activities by political media that trigger hatred and anger.
During the ongoing presidential elections, various phenomena emerged on social media. Some threatened to shoot one of the presidential candidates, wept over the candidate, and other behaviours that might indicate that social network users may have fallen into the "death trap" of filter bubbles and echo chambers. What efforts should be made to avoid this "death trap"? The solution, according to the author, is to understand media literacy.
Here are some solutions to solve the Babble Filter and Echo Chamber problem:
1)
Media Education and Literacy:
Raising media awareness to help people understand how social media algorithms
work and how information is presented online. By improving sources of information
and evaluating the truth and reliability of information, people can be more
open to different points of view.
2)
Diversification of information
sources: Encourage people to seek information from various sources and verify
information before sharing. , including sources that may contradict their
views. This can be done by following multiple news, following social media
accounts from multiple political spectrums, and reading various publications.
3)
Promotion of open discussion
and dialogue: Encourage open discussion and healthy dialogue between people who
have different points of view. This can be done through online forums that
facilitate constructive discussions or community events that allow people with
different points of view to meet and share views.
4)
Algorithm Regulation and
Transparency: Increase transparency on algorithms that control the content
users see on social media platforms and encourage regulation that promotes
algorithm transparency and user data protection. This allows users to better
understand how content is selected and displayed, thus potentially reducing the
effect of babble filters.
5)
Ethical Arrangements and
Standards: Encourage regulatory and ethical standards for social media
platforms that promote diversity of opinion and prevent the creation of echo
chambers. This may be based on company policy or government regulations.
Polarity of Opinion in the Digital Space
The polarization of opinion in online social networks raises many
concerns regarding social, economic and political consequences and is an
important topic in academic research. Based on systems theory, a theoretical
framework for analyzing polarization of opinion incorporating big data analysis
(BDAC) capabilities was proposed. The web crawler was used to collect data from
the Sina Weibo platform on the topic "Tangping".
Regarding the characteristics of the big data environment, social network
analysis (SNA), machine learning, text grouping, and content analysis were used
to investigate the polarization of opinions on Weibo "Tangping".
The results showed that like-minded social network users have a clustering
phenomenon. Although no influential users supported the opinion of "Tangping" on Weibo, many people supported the idea.
The support group has the most clusters, while the opposing group has the
highest keywords. The study adds to the existing literature on the application
of BDAC to analyze online polarization from a systems perspective, from user
behavior and interaction to topic grouping and keyword identification. The
conceptual systems framework shows excellence in coordinating information
between microsystems and external systems.
To complement the theory of the formation of polarization of
opinion, a leadership strategy is proposed that provides a proposal for
rational management of polarization of network groups. The current polarization
does not only occur in Indonesia which has just implemented a democratic
system. In addition, many countries that have long adopted a democratic system
also experience the same thing. For example, the United Kingdom and the United
States. In fact, the polarization of the digital space in these two countries
is severe. An example of the impact of polarization is that people do not greet
each other. Social media has become the most essential tool of public debate in
the era of big data. Users of online communities publish and share their
opinions in the future to make society more open and accessible to different
perspectives, cultures and ways of life, as well as to make society more
democratic and diverse. Social media users typically connect with like-minded
people and reinforce their opinions by creating echo chambers and filter
bubbles. Research shows that in group decision-making situations, individual
opinions or decisions influenced by intergroup discussions often provide
results consistent with group opinions.
In various social, political, and economic issues, polarization of
opinion is manifested in various forms. In social media literature, opinion
polarization has so far focused on political events that highlight issues most
likely to attract public attention. But controversial topics can reduce the
likelihood of polarizing opinions on social media. Other research focuses on
predicting polarization of community and group polarization, ideological
polarization, determinants of opinion polarization and polarization of fake
news. Microblog Sina Weibo is a popular social media site based on user
relations in China. Users use Weibo to share instant information between
devices, communicate with friends, and interact with strangers through text,
images, videos, and other multimedia. Several studies have investigated the
rules of information sharing patterns on weibo and
how weibo is used to analyze social networks of
popular topics in society. However, few studies have investigated the
polarization of opinion generated by online discussions on Weibo.
Studies that use big data analysis methods to uncover online
communities and polarization have not received widespread scientific attention.
Social media data has volume, variability, speed, truthfulness, and value that
fits the Big Data environment. Big Data Analysis (BDAC) capabilities have
proven effective in analyzing large amounts of web data to explain social
phenomena. A growing number of artificial intelligence approaches and social
media analytics tools with BDAC have enabled new ways to polarize opinions on
online social networks. Current research is primarily concerned with the amount
of data but ignores the diversity of data, thereby reducing the value of BDAC
in online social networks. Data polarizing opinions from online users focused
on the characteristics of discrimination, diversity and complexity, showing
advantages over BDAC studies conducted on social networks. With the increasing
availability of technology, social media has become an important factor in
acquiring and disseminating information in various fields over the past decade.
One of the reasons for the popularity of social media is that, unlike
traditional media, it offers the ability to receive or create and share public
messages anywhere at an affordable price. Recent studies on social media mainly
focus on various areas such as political science, public opinion and fake news,
etc. The massive growth in the use of social media is making a huge impact. the
amount of data generated. In this digital age, social media platforms are accused
of being incubators of extremist views and resonance spaces for like-minded
people. The ease of posting quick responses on social media can make it easier
for us to express rash and extreme opinions.
In the ever-evolving digital era, information and communication
technology has had a significant impact on the way people participate in the
political process in Indonesia. Access to political information has significantly
increased, especially with the existence of social media as a new platform for
discussing political issues. Social media is a public forum for people to
express opinions, share news, and involve themselves in various political
activities. The role of digital technology also opens up opportunities for more
inclusive political participation. Using the online platform, citizens can
participate in discussions, sign digital petitions, raise funds for political
campaigns, and take part in public consultations. It gives a voice to
individuals who previously may have been less actively involved in politics,
and thus, increases public representation and participation in public
decision-making. Digital technology provides practical tools for people to
share views, organize political movements, and voice demands to political
leaders. However, political participation through social media has significant
differences from participation through traditional media. Through social media,
individuals can build more active and meaningful relationships with official
institutions, so they feel closer to expressing their opinions openly and
freely. The digital age poses challenges for candidates, political parties, and
volunteers in elections. They must be able to adapt to this new era and
transform in order to face digital political management well
Fighting
Cyberbullying and Building Online Safety
In a world that has become increasingly technologically
sophisticated, especially among teenagers, the issue of cberbullying
or online bullying has become the talk of society. Technology gives us very
wide access to information and communication, but if used incorrectly,
technology can have a detrimental impact, especially on the younger generation.
Cyberbullying is a form of violent behavior or intimidation that occurs in the
digital world, involving the use of media such as cell phones, computers. This
action can occur through various platforms such as text messages, emails,
threats through chat platforms, disseminating embarrassing photos or videos of
someone, and writing words that hurt someone's heart in the comments
column of their social media or even in online games using internet technology
with the aim of intentionally and repeatedly hurting individuals
Cyberbullying can have an impact on the victim's psychology. Victims
who experience cyberbullying can experience depression. The most feared effect
of cyberbullying is suicide. Cyberbullying is a phenomenon that many people
must understand how it can affect a person's life, even to the point of
choosing to end his life. In this situation, someone who gets cyberbullied must
have a companion. This escort aims to maintain mental health and support
victims in difficult times. There are so many factors that can cause
cyberbullying such as envy, dislike of people, and lack of attention from
parents
The need to restrain lust or self-control not to make a negative
response. In social media, there needs to be self-awareness. Self-awareness is key in preventing
cyberbullying. Have the awareness that everyone is responsible for their
actions online. Committing to acting responsibly on social media is a crucial
step to prevent cyberbullying. Think Before acting or expressing something
online. Becoming more aware of the potential impact of such actions can help
avoid cyberbullying behavior
The role of parents is very important in educating children about
the use of technology and preventing them from cyberbullying. Teach children
about the importance of online etiquette, how to use suitable online media,
such as respecting others, not spreading hoaxes, and not doing actions that can
hurt others verbally or emotionally. Encourage them to share positive content,
help others, and be part of a positive online environment. Educating children
about technology and providing appropriate direction is an essential effort for
parents in preventing cyberbullying. Parents, teachers, and caregivers have a
crucial role to play in monitoring their children's online activities and
providing education on safe and responsible online behavior
In Indonesia, cyberbullying is regulated by Law Article 27 Paragraph
3 of the ITE Law that every individual is not allowed intentionally and without
permission to disseminate information that aims to cause hatred or hostility
against specific individuals or groups of people based on ethnicity, religion,
race, and intergroup (SARA). Article 28 Paragraph 2 of the ITE Law also
prohibits the dissemination of information that has the intention to
intimidate, ridicule, or degrade the dignity of individuals and/or community
groups. In law enforcement related to cyberbullying, the Indonesian government
cooperates with law enforcement agencies such as the police and prosecutors so
that cyberbullying perpetrators can be dealt with in accordance with applicable
law. With this regulation, it is expected to provide protection for the
community from cyberbullying and provide strict sanctions for cyberbullying
perpetrators
Leveling Access to Technology
In today's digital age, information and
communication technology has become an indispensable aspect of daily life,
influencing various fields including education, economics, and government.
However, the digital divide is still a serious problem, especially in remote
and rural areas, where many people do not yet have adequate access to
technology. This creates inequality in utilizing technological opportunities
and benefits, creating significant gaps among marginalized groups
The importance of equal access to
technology cannot be overstated, because this is the main key to ensuring that
all levels of society can benefit from advances in information technology.
E-Government is one of the important solutions in improving the accessibility
of public services, enabling wider participation from various circles of
society. Thus, education and technology have an important role in improving the
quality of human resources, especially in remote areas
The use of technology in learning is not
only a challenge, but also an opportunity for the world of education in
Indonesia. Technology can make education more inclusive, innovative, and
adaptive to changing times. However, to achieve this, there needs to be
cooperation between the government, educational institutions, and the wider
community in building an educational ecosystem that supports the use of
technology in a fair and sustainable manner
The importance of equal digital access
also includes economic aspects, where every individual must have equal
opportunities to access and use technology to improve their quality of life.
However, obstacles such as lack of digital literacy and uneven distribution of
ICT infrastructure are still challenges that must be overcome
By harnessing the potential of
technologies, such as artificial intelligence, and the concerted efforts of
various parties, including startups like TShield that
offer cybersecurity services, we can pave the way to a future where digital
access equality becomes a reality for all Indonesians. The government also has
an important role in bridging the digital divide, especially in ensuring that
social assistance can be accessed by everyone without exception
Conclusion
In conclusion, social
media profoundly influences civic education, presenting both opportunities and
challenges. While it serves as a valuable tool for raising public awareness of
civic issues and promoting positive political engagement, its negative impacts,
such as the dissemination of misinformation and the amplification of polarized
opinions, cannot be overlooked.To address these
issues effectively, a multi-pronged approach is necessary. This includes
prioritizing education and media literacy efforts, fostering collaboration
among educational institutions, governments, and social media platforms.
Additionally, concerted actions are required to combat cyberbullying and
enhance online safety, with a focus on educating children about responsible
digital behavior. Through these measures, we can
harness the potential of social media for civic education while mitigating its
adverse effects.
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Bambang Yuniarto, Ilyasa Ramadhan, Dea Monika, Syifa Lutfiah (2024) |
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